The Ten Plagues: The Plague of Flies
The Ten Plagues: The Plague of Flies
You probably have never heard of Karla Faye Tucker. I had never heard of her either until just a few weeks ago. I ran across her story in a devotional. The devotional was about consequences. You see Karla Faye Tucker was a Godly, Christ-fear, Bible loving, church going woman. In fact, Karla Faye Tucker is responsible for leading dozens of women to Jesus Christ. She led Bible studies. She loved to teach God’s Word. She attended seminary classes, shared her testimony, and spoke to large group of people.
Sadly, that is not all of Karla Faye Tucker’s story. Mrs. Faye was convicted for double homicide in 1983. Her crime was vicious and premeditated. Upon her conviction, the judge remarked about the brutal violent nature of her crimes. She was sentenced to death. A couple of years would pass by and Karla Faye Tucker would find herself living out her days on death row. While on death row, she picked up a Bible from the prison ministry. She prayed in her small jail cell to receive Jesus Christ as her Savior. Her life was immediately and absolutely transformed.
On June 22nd, 1992, Tucker’s lawyer requested that her life be spared on the basis that she was under the influence of drugs at the time of the murder. She had written statements from guards, other inmates, and even the family members of her victims requesting that her life be spared. In fact, the brother of one of her murder victims spoke to the judge directly asking for her death sentence not to be carried out.
So, what do you think happened? Maybe in your imagination Karla Faye Tucker’s story plays out like a movie. She is shown grace. She embraces forgiveness. Forgiveness offered by her victims. In my mind’s eye the judge looks at her with tears in his eyes and grants her clemency. It is the stuff of Oscar winning.
There is only one problem. That didn’t happen.
On February 2, 1998, Karla Faye Tucker was executed, becoming the first women to be executed in the US since 1984.
The judge listened to everyone who defended Mrs. Tucker. He heard their cries for leniency. He was moved by the forgiveness of her victim’s families.
The judge is quoted saying, “Mrs. Tucker I am glad that you are a reformed woman. A transformed person. I do not think that you are a danger to society any longer and I wish you no ill will. However, the voices of your victims cry out for justice and justice they will have. The choice to embrace religion may indeed relieve you from harsh consequences in the hereafter. However, you must face the consequences for the choices you have made in the here and now.”
Friends, there is a powerful lesson in the life and the death of Karla Tucker. She made terrible choices and received terrible consequences. Those of us who are mature Christians understand that while there is grace and mercy in our faith in God, faith does not relieve us from the consequences of our sin. The thief on the cross still died on the cross even when he confessed Jesus Christ as his Savior. Moses was forgiven for disobedience but was still not allowed to enter the promised land. David was a “man after God’s on heart” but still had to suffer the consequences of his sin with Bathsheba. Jonah still had purpose and calling but was nevertheless swallowed up by the “great fish” for his disobedience.
Every single person in this room has had to suffer through consequences of their own bad choices. I saw a hilarious meme the other day. A video actually. A sad sheep had fallen into a tight ditch. The sheep couldn’t free itself from the ditch so it bleated and bleated. Finally, a shepherd appears in the video, gets down into the ditch, and pushes the sheep out. The sheep is freed. As soon as the sheep’s hooves hit the grass, it takes off and falls into a deeper ditch, thus trapping itself once more.
The meme on top of the video stated, “my relationship with Jesus Christ”.
In some ways that is very true. We walk with Christ. We make poor choices. We suffer. We pray. Jesus comes to set us free. We walk with Christ. We make poor choices. We suffer. We pray. Jesus comes to set us free.
Rinse and repeat.
Today we are back in our “Plagues” series. Today we are looking at the plague of flies. We have seen the Egyptian people suffer through plagues of blood, frogs, gnats and today flies.
There are probably lots of lessons that we can probably learn from all of these plagues. It’s funny, the one thing that kept coming to my mind when thinking about the Pharaoh, he saw God move and over and over again, he denied God’s power and will. Every time he denied God, he suffered horrible consequences. Every time the Pharaoh denied God’s request, he paid the price.
Under “Today’s Thought”, fill in these blanks for me. The plagues demonstrate the power of choices and the presence of consequences.
Today’s Thought:
The Plagues Demonstrate The Power of Choices And The Presence of Consequences!
The Pharaoh would have a clear message delivered to him by Moses. The Pharaoh would initially agree to the request only to deny it. Then the Pharaoh and the Egyptians at large would suffer the consequences. This happened over and over again. 10 times in fact. The Bible says that the Pharaoh was hard hearted. I would just say that he was thick headed.
Speaking of hard hearted, many people have been asking me about Pharaoh’s hard heart. Scripture even says that God hardened Pharaoh’s heart. Well that can’t be fair. How is it fair that Pharaoh suffered so mightily when it was God who hardened Pharaoh’s heart? They are right, that doesn’t seem fair.
William Gurnall had this to say on that matter. Pull in and listen close.
"God’s hardening is a consequence of our hardening our own hearts...God will harden none, damn none, unless they willfully reject His grace. Here is a sobering thought: If you enter eternity with a hard, impenitent heart, you have no one to blame but yourself."
What it means that God hardened Pharaoh’s heart is pretty simple. God just let him travel down a road that he was already traveling. God just did not intervene. He turned the Pharaoh over to himself. That is a scary scary thing am I right?
Edwin Louis Cole had this to say about embracing temptation and subsequent consequences. “Temptation can be tormenting, but remember: The torment of temptation to sin is nothing to compare with the torment of the consequences of sin. Remorse and regret cannot compensate for sin....though sins can be forgiven immediately - the consequences can last a lifetime.”
Today’s Quote:
“Temptation can be tormenting, but remember: The torment of temptation to sin is nothing to compare with the torment of the consequences of sin. Remorse and regret cannot compensate for sin....though sins can be forgiven immediately - the consequences can last a lifetime.”
-Edwin Louis Cole
Consequences friends. They are real. God will forgive our sins but He does not, nor will not, stop the coming freight train of misery called consequence. It is only through consequence that we learn, that we are educated.
If you engage in premarital sex, you risk the consequence of pregnancy, dependency, feelings of shame and guilt, personal disappointment, or sexually transmitted disease.
If you become addicted to drugs, you risk the consequence of death, brain injuries, and horrible withdrawals.
Choices have consequences. Good choices lead to good consequences and bad choices lead to…well…bad choices.
Background and Context:
Today we are reading from Exodus 8:20-32. Let’s take a second and try our best to remember what has happened thus far in our story.
After Pharaoh's refusal to free the Israelites, Moses and Aaron warned Pharaoh about a forthcoming plague of flies if he did not comply. Despite this warning, Pharaoh remained obstinate, leading to the affliction of the land by a swarm of flies.
The plague of flies is the fourth of the ten plagues that God sent upon Egypt. Flies swarmed throughout the land, infesting every corner, including houses, food, and people. This infestation caused terrible discomfort over the entire land of Egypt, further illustrating God's power and displeasure with Pharaoh.
The plagues were both a demonstration of God's power and a call for Pharaoh to recognize the authority of God and release the Israelites. Ultimately, the plague of flies was one of the steps that led to Pharaoh's eventual partial concession, as he agreed to let the Israelites go to worship their God but later refused and changed his mind.
Statement of Belief:
We believe the Bible to be inspired, God breathed, infallible, and authoritative. We believe the Bible is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting, and training believer’s in righteousness. God’s Word gives life. It provides peace in trouble and protection in tribulation. It is alive, active, and cuts to the core of the human soul. Since there is no other book like it, let us stand to show our reverence and respect.
Today’s Scripture:
Exodus 8:20-32 ESV
20 Then the Lord said to Moses, “Get up early in the morning and confront Pharaoh as he goes to the river and say to him, ‘This is what the Lord says: Let my people go, so that they may worship me. 21 If you do not let my people go, I will send swarms of flies on you and your officials, on your people and into your houses. The houses of the Egyptians will be full of flies; even the ground will be covered with them.
22 “‘But on that day I will deal differently with the land of Goshen, where my people live; no swarms of flies will be there, so that you will know that I, the Lord, am in this land. 23 I will make a distinction between my people and your people. This sign will occur tomorrow.’”
24 And the Lord did this. Dense swarms of flies poured into Pharaoh’s palace and into the houses of his officials; throughout Egypt the land was ruined by the flies.
25 Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron and said, “Go, sacrifice to your God here in the land.”
26 But Moses said, “That would not be right. The sacrifices we offer the Lord our God would be detestable to the Egyptians. And if we offer sacrifices that are detestable in their eyes, will they not stone us? 27 We must take a three-day journey into the wilderness to offer sacrifices to the Lord our God, as he commands us.”
28 Pharaoh said, “I will let you go to offer sacrifices to the Lord your God in the wilderness, but you must not go very far. Now pray for me.”
29 Moses answered, “As soon as I leave you, I will pray to the Lord, and tomorrow the flies will leave Pharaoh and his officials and his people. Only let Pharaoh be sure that he does not act deceitfully again by not letting the people go to offer sacrifices to the Lord.”
30 Then Moses left Pharaoh and prayed to the Lord, 31 and the Lord did what Moses asked. The flies left Pharaoh and his officials and his people; not a fly remained. 32 But this time also Pharaoh hardened his heart and would not let the people go.
A Familiar Pattern With Powerful Perspectives!
I. God’s Direction vs. 20
A familiar pattern begins to take shape with the plague of flies. This pattern has been repeated over and over again over the last few weeks and you will see this pattern repeated in the weeks to come. It is familiar patter with powerful perspectives. We can receive a lot of spiritual education from this confrontation between Moses and the Pharaoh. So what is our first point this morning? Roman numeral one this morning is pretty simple. We see God’s direction in verse 20 of Exodus 8.
Then the Lord said to Moses, “Get up early in the morning and confront Pharaoh as he goes to the river and say to him, ‘This is what the Lord says: Let my people go, so that they may worship me.
Remember this brothers and sisters, the main character of this story is not Moses. It is not Aaron. It is not Pharaoh or the Egyptians. The main character is not the Hebrews. The main character of this story and every story the Bible is God.
God is the beginning and the end. He is the start of the tale and the completion of the story. This is the story of a God pursing a people. He desires to set them free. The relationship that God has and had with the ancient people of Israel is foreshadowing of our relationship, our individual relationship with Him today. God is pursing us. Chasing us. He wants to set us free not from an evil Pharaoh but from sin itself.
In the same way that God gives direction to Moses, He speaks to us today. Remember that Moses did not have the Bible that we have today. Much of Scripture had not been written. All Moses had was the oral traditions of his people. The book of Job is considered to be the oldest book in all of Scripture. It is thought that Moses would have potentially had access to the story of Job but that’s about it. God spoke directly to Moses, giving him direction.
As time went on, God would speak through different means. The author of Hebrews speaks to this matter saying the following:
“Long ago, at many times and in many ways, God spoke to our fathers by the prophets, 2 but in these last days he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed the heir of all things, through whom also he created the world.”
Today God still directs us. He may not speak audibly to us in the manner that He spoke to Moses, but He still speaks. He speaks through His Word. There is one key evaluation to this point, a key for you to remember this morning. Moses recognized God’s voice. He always knew who was speaking to him and through him.
Do you?
Do you recognize God’s voice? If God spoke to you through His Word, would you be bewildered, bumfuzzled, baffled?
Know this, when God directs the world disputes. When you hear the Word of God, the world gets ready for war. That is exactly what happens in this story. One way that you can know that God is speaking to you is that when you speak for the Lord, the world hates you for it.
That brings us to our second point.
Hebrews 1:1-2 ESV
Long ago, at many times and in many ways, God spoke to our fathers by the prophets, but in these last days he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed the heir of all things, through whom also he created the world.
II. Moses’ Declaration vs. 21-23
We see God’s direction, then we hear Moses’ declaration in verses 21-23.
21 If you do not let my people go, I will send swarms of flies on you and your officials, on your people and into your houses. The houses of the Egyptians will be full of flies; even the ground will be covered with them.
22 “‘But on that day I will deal differently with the land of Goshen, where my people live; no swarms of flies will be there, so that you will know that I, the Lord, am in this land. 23 I will make a distinction between my people and your people. This sign will occur tomorrow.’”
Same message different day.
“Pharaoh, let my people go. If you don’t, boy oh boy are you going to be sorry.”
It seems that Moses had a pretty distinct and direct message. Moses was ready and willing to not just speak on God’s behalf, he was ready and willing to stand on God’s behalf as well. Notice that it appears that all the fear that once gripped Moses has faded away. No longer is he scared to stand before Pharaoh. No longer is he wringing his hands. No longer is he pacing the floor with antiquation of standing before the King of Egypt.
Why? What changed?
Do you remember Moses’ excuses? He wanted no part of standing before Pharaoh. In fact, he gave God excuse after excuse as to why he was not qualified to go the distance.
Exodus 4:1,10 ESV
Then Moses answered, "But behold, they will not believe me or listen to my voice, for they will say, 'The LORD did not appear to you.'" [10] But Moses said to the LORD, "Oh, my Lord, I am not eloquent, either in the past or since you have spoken to your servant, but I am slow of speech and of tongue."
At first Moses tells God that if he goes and speaks on behalf of his people that the Hebrews will say he is crazy.
“God didn’t speak to you. You didn’t hear His voice. You are off your rocker Moses.”
Moses was afraid first of his own people. He was afraid of their insults. He was afraid of being persecuted by those he was actively trying to set free.
Next, Moses tried to back out by telling God that he did not possess the gifts necessary for the task.
“God Im not a good speaker. I get tongue tied. I get nervous and when I get nervous I get negative. God Im not your man. Surly there must be someone better.”
Moses tries to tell God that he does not possess the necessary skills, the necessary abilities to be the leader that his people need.
Sound familiar friends? Let me tell you brothers and sisters a truth. A truth that you can take to the bank. We are all living I Egypt. Our current present culture mimics the polytheistic ancient Egyptians. If you are a Christian you are the Moses that God is sending with message. You have a declaration in your spirit that God has specifically given to you for your Egypt. Your Egypt may be at school, at work, at the gym, at city hall, at the golf course. God is surrounding you with a people that desperately need to hear that without God, without a relationship with Jesus Christ, they are destined for hell. Like Moses trying to set his people free, God has uniquely placed all of us with a message of freedom and liberation. What are your excuses?
Are you afraid of the insults? Afraid of what people might think? Afraid of being called a name? Afraid of people shunning you? Afraid that people might think you are weird?
I say “good, be weird”. Be different. Be counter cultural. Be Jesus. Model Moses. Speak truth and liberate people.
What is your excuse? God Im not educated? I dont have enough Scripture memorized. Im afraid that I wont have the answers. Im afraid that I might get embarrassed.
Have you ever heard the famous phrase, “God does not call the qualified, He qualifies the called.”
Brothers and sisters, the Bible is filled with knuckleheads and narethewells. The Bible is filled with people who were unskilled. The Bible is filled with people who were disabled, discouraged, damaged, dishonest, and depressed. God took all of them, put a message on their lips and used them to change the world.
One of my favorite stories in the Bible is from Isaiah 6. Isaiah the prophet is being treated to a vision. He is in the throne room of God. God is calling someone, anyone, to take the message of repentance to His people that they may be redeemed. Sadly, no one will go. Who will be God’s representative? Listen to Isiah’s response to God’s call.
Isaiah 6:5 ESV
And I said: "Woe is me! For I am lost; for I am a man of unclean lips, and I dwell in the midst of a people of unclean lips; for my eyes have seen the King, the LORD of hosts!"
Isaiah says that there must be some one better. Someone more qualified. Someone holier. There has to be a preacher, a teacher, a Life Group leader, somebody! For heaven’s sake, there must be someone better than him.
Nope, God is calling Isaiah.
Isaiah 6:8 ESV
And I heard the voice of the Lord saying, "Whom shall I send, and who will go for us?" Then I said, "Here I am! Send me."
God is calling you too friend. Just like He called Moses. Moses’ message was a message of freedom. Salvation. Liberation.
You may not realize it but your testimony is a message of freedom. Salvation. Liberation.
Be bold. Be bold as a lion like it says in Proverbs 26:1.
Proverbs 28:1 ESV
The wicked flee when no one pursues, but the righteous are bold as a lion.
III. Egyptian Destruction vs. 24
Let’s touch briefly on our third point. This one will be fast. God is being creative again. We see God’s direction, Moses’ declaration, and now we witness the Egyptian’s destruction.
What happens here?
Flies. Trillions upon trillions of flies.
21 If you do not let my people go, I will send swarms of flies on you and your officials, on your people and into your houses. The houses of the Egyptians will be full of flies; even the ground will be covered with them.
24 And the Lord did this. Dense swarms of flies poured into Pharaoh’s palace and into the houses of his officials; throughout Egypt the land was ruined by the flies.
What are we talking about here? Well friends, the flies in ancient Egypt are a little different than the ones that we have here in South Alabama.
Once again, experts remain uncertain about the specific insect being referred to, and it is possible that it may involve a mixture of various insects. During the translation of the Septuagint, scholars employed a term that denoted a "dog-fly," which were flies that fed on blood and were notorious for their painful bites. They were described as launching themselves like javelins and latching onto the body, particularly the eyelid edges, causing disfigurement due to the resulting swellings from their stings. Nonetheless, the key point is that these flies will emerge from the atmosphere, covering everything in swarms.
Scripture is clear, the entire land of Egypt with the exception of the land where the Hebrews were living were covered in these biting swarms of flies. They were everywhere. There were no escaping them. The poured into the Egyptian’s homes. They filled the palace and even tortued the Pharaoh. Don’t lose the important fact that the Pharaoh thought of himself as a god. He was thought to be powerful, having domain over all creation. These biting flies must have shattered this false perspective.
What’s funny, when I was writing this message I started to think to myself, “the poor Egyptians”. If only they had our modern tools and devices. They might have survived these plagues. If only they had our ingenuity. Our intelligence. That might have been able to thumb their nose at God. If only they possessed our technology and our knowledge. They might have been able to press through these plagues.
Have you ever noticed that people living in modern times often look down at people that lived long ago? We laugh at what they called medicine. We scoff at their religious practices. We think ourselves better. Stronger. More advanced.
How many of you have been watching the news and seen the devastation in Maui? A small fire started on the tiny island. That fire grew because of 80 mph winds from a hurricane off shore. That small fire grew and grew and grew. That small fire, in our modern day, has nearly burned the entire island to the ground.
Oh friends, if God wanted to bring us to our knees like He did Egypt, He could. Thank God that He is patient. Thank God that He is merciful. Thank God that He gives us time to hear His voice.
Here is the one thing that you should remember this morning, there is always consequences for blatant disobedience and sin. There is no escaping our consequences.
At my former church I had a dear friend, a brother, set up a meeting with me. He told me that he was divorcing his wife and moving in with another woman. I was devastated by the news. He was an integral part of our ministry. He and his wife were teachers. I had no idea that they were even struggling in their marriage. I told him that if he followed through with the discord that it would damage his children. I told him that he would never find happiness. I told him that it would fracture his walk with God.
Do you know what he told me?
He told me that his kids were old enough to understand. He told me that he was living his soon to be ex-wife with plenty of money. He told me that God wanted him to be happy.
What he was really saying was that he was going to outrun the consequences of sin.
I’ll make a long story short. He didn’t. You can’t. There is always consequences.
Be wise friends, hear the Lord call and go the Jesus way. Remember what Proverbs 16:18 states…
Proverbs 16:18 ESV
Pride goes before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall.
IV. Pharaoh and Moses’ Deliberation vs. 25-28
28 Pharaoh said, “I will let you go to offer sacrifices to the Lord your God in the wilderness, but you must not go very far. Now pray for me.”
29 Moses answered, “As soon as I leave you, I will pray to the Lord, and tomorrow the flies will leave Pharaoh and his officials and his people. Only let Pharaoh be sure that he does not act deceitfully again by not letting the people go to offer sacrifices to the Lord.”
30 Then Moses left Pharaoh and prayed to the Lord…
Point four this morning is pretty simple, Pharaoh and Moses’ deliberation.
Pharaoh does what most any of us would do. He does what most of us do when hardship knocks on our door.
Pharaoh plays let’s make a deal.
“Moses what do I have to do to get rid of these flies?”
It appears that Pharaoh is willing to make a concession by allowing them to worship within the city boundaries. However, Moses expresses his disagreement stating that the Egyptians would find their sacrifices off putting and abhorrent. Moses tells the Pharaoh that their religious practices would be repulsive to the Egyptians.
Sacrifices hold a significant role in the Hebrew’s worship, leaving us to ponder how the Israelites have been handling this aspect. The text, however, does not provide any information on this matter. Nevertheless, Moses expresses concern that the Egyptians might retaliate with violence, as he fears they may "stone them" due to their sacrificial practices. The issue at hand appears to be the potential use of animals in their sacrifices that the Egyptians consider sacred. Performing such sacrifices would be seen as a direct offense to the Egyptian gods, and it is conceivable that the Egyptians, in their desire to safeguard their deities, would take matters into their own hands.
It’s time for the Pharaoh and Moses to sit down and settle some of these problems.
Notice that Pharaoh doesn’t even seek the advice of his officials. Notice the magicians are no where to be found. Pharaoh has a realization, he is not in control.
Have you been there before? I have. Have you ever had something happen to you that reveals that you are not in control, that you are not enough, that you are not strong enough or powerful enough?
Friends, this seems to be an everyday experience for me. I know that many of you look to me as your pastor to have it all figured out. I know that you look to me for all the answers. You would not dare think that I am perfect because there was only one person who was perfect, nevertheless, you look to me to live a life of holiness and purity.
I sure do strive for that every single day.
Folks, Im going to be honest with you. I want to tell you the truth.
Sometimes I flat don’t have the answers. I struggle with loss. I wrestle with why certain people die. I wish I knew.
I don’t have it all figured out. I don’t have marriage figured out. I don’t have parenting figured out. I don’t have pastoring figured out either.
I realized long ago that there is a God and I know that Im not Him.
My hope for all of us is that it does not take a plague for us to realize that we need God. My hope is that it does not take a plague for us to realize that we are not strong enough, wise enough, just plain enough. We have to go God’s way, not our way.
That was Pharaoh’s problem, he was so busy going his own way that he couldn’t get out of his own way.
Acts 5:29 ESV
But Peter and the apostles answered, “We must obey God rather than men.
V. Pharaoh’s Disobedience vs. 32
So, we have seen God’s direction, Moses’ declaration, the Egyptian’s destruction, Pharaoh and Moses’ deliberation and lastly Pharaoh’s disobedience.
Exodus 8:32 ESV
But Pharaoh hardened his heart this time also, and did not let the people go.
Pharaoh disobeyed. This is a pattern that we see over and over again throughout the plague narrative. Pharaoh gives us a case study into our lives doesn’t he? He hears the word of the Lord. He even witnesses God’s power. He opens himself up to submitting to God’s will, only to decline.
Jesus has a term for this type of of person. Do you know what He called them? “Rocky”
Matthew 13:5 TLB
And some fell on rocky soil where there was little depth of earth; the plants sprang up quickly enough in the shallow soil,
Pharaoh was rocky soil. He heard the word, saw God’s movement, even submitted to Him but then said “no”. The hot sun came, the birds of the air came, the thorns choked him out.
What about you friend? Are you living in open disobedience this morning? Is there sin that you need to confess? Don’t be hard hearted like Pharaoh. Listen to God’s voice, He is calling you this morning to make a change. He wants you to go a different direction. He is calling you to peace through repentance.
Will you accept His amazing grace this morning?
Jesus is trying to save you from yourself. He is trying to deliver you from death and destruction.
Don’t believe me? Listen to James.
James 1:14-15 ESV
But each person is tempted when he is lured and enticed by his own desire. Then desire when it has conceived gives birth to sin, and sin when it is fully grown brings forth death.
Let This Information Be Your Inspiration!
Bibliography
Websites:
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%208%3A20-32&version=NIV
https://www.biblewise.com/bible_study/books/exodus8-swarming.php
https://thebiblesays.com/commentary/exod/exod-8/exodus-820-32/
https://bpsfuelforthought.wordpress.com/2021/01/25/the-plague-of-flies/
Videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jGkrrvHPCBo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FToOsYe0mQI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQSj1Y1Rci8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLKMoitmsEo
Books:
“The Plague of Flies” by Wm. C. Miller
The Plague of Mosquitos and Flies” by Ellen Richards
“Observations Upon The Plagues Inflicted Upon The Egyptians” by Jacob Bryant
“The Plagues of Egypt: Archaeloogy, History, and Science Look at the Bible” by Siri Trevisanato
“All the Miracles of the Bible” by Herbert Lockyer
“The Trial of the Egyptian Pharaoh” by Phineas Myabera
Commentaries:
“Exodus: An Introduction and Commentary” by R. Alan Cole
Exodus: Saved for God's Glory" by Philip Graham Ryken
"The Message of Exodus: The Days of Our Pilgrimage" by J. A. Motyer
"Exodus: An Exegetical Commentary" by Victor P. Hamilton
"Exodus: New American Commentary" by Douglas K. Stuart
"Exodus: Tyndale Old Testament Commentary" by R. Alan Cole
Articles:
Here are seven articles about the plagues of Egypt found in the Old Testament book of Exodus:
"The Ten Plagues of Egypt" by Got Questions Ministries: (Source: www.gotquestions.org/ten-plagues-Egypt.html)
"The Ten Plagues: Lessons from Egypt" by BibleStudy.org: Source: www.biblestudy.org/question/ten-plagues-lessons-from-egypt.html)
"The Plagues of Egypt: A Reflection on God's Power and Judgment" by Reformed Perspective: (Source: www.reformedperspective.ca/the-plagues-of-egypt-a-reflection-on-gods-power-and-judgment/)
"The Plagues of Egypt: A Scientific Explanation?" by Reasons to Believe: (Source: reasons.org/explore/publications/tnrtb/read/tnrtb/2014/03/07/the-plagues-of-egypt-a-scientific-explanation)
The Plagues and the Exodus: Divine Judgment or Natural Disasters?" by Associates for Biblical Research: (Source: biblearchaeology.org/research/exodus-from-egypt/4088-the-plagues-and-the-exodus-divine-judgment-or-natural-disasters)
"The Plagues of Egypt: A Literary Analysis" by Biblical Archaeology Society: (Source: www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/exodus/the-plagues-of-egypt-a-literary-analysis)
"The Plagues of Egypt: God's Display of Power and Authority" by Unlocking the Bible: (Source: unlockingthebible.org/2017/07/the-plagues-of-egypt-gods-display-of-power-and-authority)
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